noun clause

Noun clause adalah clause (i.e. subject dan verb) yang difungsikan sebagai noun. Noun clause dalam kalimat pada umumnya digunakan sebagai subject dan object kalimat.

Noun clause dapat diawali oleh:

• Question word atau relative pronoun baik berupa single question word maupun phrase:
• Single question word (i.e. when, how, what, ect.).
• Question word + determiner/ noun/ adjective / adverb.
• Question word + infinitive.
• Conjunction (i.e. whether dan if).
• That atau the fact that.

Sehingga pola dari noun clause adalah:

Question word/conjunction/that + subject + verb + …

A. Noun Clauses diawali dengan Question words

Dalam How to Address Questions sudah dibahas tentang penggunaan kata tanya baik dalam membuat information questions maupun dalam membuat embedded questions.  Embedded questions tersebut adalah noun clause. Dalam section ini diberikan contoh tambahan untuk merefresh memori anda.

1. Single question words.

Contoh:

1. Where she is now is still unknown.
2. When they arrive is still uncertain.
3. I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt. Perhatikan: dalam kalimat ini, noun clause what you did last summer menjadi object dari I know dan I still know, dan setelah digabung dengan: are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt, menjadi subject majemuk dari kalimat.

Noun clause dapat ditempatkan diawal kalimat (sebagai subject) atau sebagai object. Jika anda ingin merubah posisi noun clause dari subject kalimat menjadi object kalimat, biasanya dibutuhkan pronoun it atau sedikit modifikasi kata. Contoh di atas menjadi:

1. It is still unknown where she is now.
2. Do you know when they arrive?
3. Two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer. Karena merupakan judul movies, noun clause what you did last summer tidak perlu diputar posisinya.

Note:

a) Clause yang diawali oleh question words tertentu (i.e. when, whenever, where) juga dapat berfungsi sebagai adverbial clause.

Contoh:

1. I was reading a book when the phone rang.
2. I went to where I and my ex girlfriend had been last weekend.
3. I suddenly get nausea whenever I see his face. (nausea = mual/mau muntah).

Contoh yang lain dapat dibaca di topik: Conjunctions.

b). Clause yang diawali oleh question words tertentu (i.e. who, whom, whose + noun) juga dapat berfungsi sebagai adjective clause. Dalam hal ini, kata tanya tersebut sebenarnya adalah relative pronoun. Well, jangan terlalu dipusingkan dengan istilah. Yang penting anda mengerti pola/struktur kalimatnya. Tapi, jika anda penasaran, silakan baca topic adjective clauses.

Contoh:

1. I think you whom Mr. Dodi was looking for. (Saya kira kamu (orang) yang pak Dodi sedang cari-cari tadi).
2. Mr. Dodi, who is a teacher, was looking for you at school.
3. Rommy, whose book was stolen last week, just bought another new book yesterday.

Lantas, bagaimana cara membedakan apakah itu noun clause, adverbial clause, atau adjective clause? Jawabannya sederhana. Noun clause dapat digantikan dengan pronoun it, sedangkan adverbial clause dan adjective clause tidak. Noun clause menjawab pertanyaan what dan who/whom; Adverbial clause menjawab pertanyaan when, where, how (termasuk how much, how often, ect), dan why. Adjective clause (i.e. kata sifat yang berbentuk clause) menerangkan noun, dan relative pronounnya (i.e. who, that, ect.) dalam bahasa Indonesia berarti “yang“. Adverbial clauses sudah disinggung pada pembahasan tentang conjunctions. Khusus untuk perbedaan noun clause dan adjective clause dapat dibaca di topik: Perbedaan Noun Clause dan Adjective Clause.

2. Question words + ever/soever

Kecuali how, diakhir question words dapat ditambahkan ever atau soever menjadi whenever = whensoever, whatever= whatsoever, dan seterusnya. Arti ever atau soever di sini sama, yaitu saja/pun, tinggal dikombinasikan dengan kata tanya di depannya. Sedangkan, how+ever menjadi however (i.e. adverb atau juga disebut kata transisi yang berarti namun/walapun demikian) tidak termasuk dalam katagori ini.

Contoh:

1. We will accept whatever you want us to do. (Kami akan menerima/melakukan apa saja yang kamu ingin kami lakukan).
2. Whoever can melt her feeling is a very lucky guy. (melt = meluluhkan). Be careful: guy (dibaca gae)= laki-laki, sedangkan gay (dibaca gei) = fag = homo.
3. She has agreed to wherever the man would bring her. (Dia telah setuju kemanapun pria itu membawanya pergi). Note: in speaking (informal), preposition (dalam hal ini to, etc.) biasanya diletakkan di ujung kalimat. She has agreed wherever the man would bring her to.

3. Question words + nouns

Question words + nouns yang sering digunakan antara lain: what time (jam berapa), what day (hari apa), what time (jam berapa), what kind (jenis apa), what type (tipe apa), whose + nouns (i.e. whose car, whose book, ect.), dan seterusnya.

Contoh:

1. I can’t remember what day we will take the exam.
2. As long as I am faithful, she doesn’t care what type of family I come from. (faithful = setia).
3. Do you know what time it is?
4. I don’t know whose car is parked in front of my house.

4. Question words + adjectives

Question words + adjectives yang sering digunakan antara lain: how long (berapa panjang/lama), how far (berapa jauh), how old (berapa tua/umur), ect.

Contoh:

1. Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?
2. I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
3. What a jerk. He didn’t even ask how long I had been waiting for him.

5. Question words + determiners.

Question words + determiners yang sering digunakan adalah: how many (berapa banyak) dan  how much (berapa banyak). Remember: how many diikuti oleh plural nouns, sedangkan how much diikuti oleh uncountable nouns.

Contoh:

1. Is there any correlation between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or she has?
2. How much your English skill will improve is determined by how hard you practice.

6. Question words + adverbs.

Question words + adverbs yang sering digunakan adalah: how often (berapa sering), how many times (berapa kali) ect.

Contoh:

1. No matter how often I practice, my English still sucks. (Tidak memandang berapa kali saya latihan, bahasa Inggris saya masih jelek). Suck (informal verb) = jelek/tidak baik; arti suck yang lain: mengisap.
2. I don’t want my parents to know how many times I have left school early. (leave school early = bolos).

7. Question words + infinitives.

Jika question words langsung diikuti oleh infinitives, invinitives tersebut mengandung makna should atau can/could. Perhatikan bahwa subject setelah question words dihilangkan.

Contoh:

1. She didn’t know what to do = She didn’t know what she should do. (Dia tidak tahu apa yang seharusnya dia lakukan).
2. Please tell me how to get the train station from here = Please tell me how I can get the train station from here.
3. We haven’t decided when to go to the beach = We haven’t decided when we should go to the beach.
4. Marry told us where to find her = Marry told us where we could find her.

B. Noun clauses diawali dengan whether/if

Whether bisa diikuti oleh OR/NOT bisa juga tidak; makna kalimat biasanya sama walaupun OR/NOT tidak disebutkan (ini tergantung konteks kalimat). Untuk penggunaan if, selain telah dibahas di topic conjunctions, juga telah dibahas di topic conditionals. Note: whether pelafalannya sama dengan weather (cuaca), tulisannya juga mirip. Be careful, jangan sampai tertukar.

Contoh:

1. I am not sure whether she is coming or not = I am not sure whether or not she is coming = I am not sure whether she is coming. (Saya tidak yakin apakah dia akan datang atau tidak).
2. We can’t decide whether we should go out or stay home. = We can’t decide whether to go or (to) stay home. Perhatikan, infinitives juga dapat digunakan setelah whether.
3. I am not sure whether I should take economics or law after I graduate from high school. (Saya tidak yakin apakah saya harus ngambil Ekonomi atau Hukum setelah lulus SMA nanti).
4. If you take economics, I will take economics. On the other hand, if you take law, I will take law too.

C. Noun clauses diawali dengan that/the fact that

Di sini that berarti bahwa, sedangkan the fact that berarti fakta bahwa. Sedangkan, that dalam adjective clauses berarti yang.

Contoh:

1. That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of people that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.
2. It is the fact that the world is round = the fact that the world is round is well known.
3. It was obvious that she was very sick = The fact that she was very sick was obvious.
4. It seems that it is going to rain soon.

Sekarang coba anda latihan buat kalimat dengan menggunakan:

1. It is + (true, too bad, unfortunate, strange, impossible, unlikely, a well known fact, my belief, etc) + (that/the fact that) + S +V.
2. It + stative + (that/the fact that) + S +V. Kata-kata yang termasuk stative verbs dapat dilihat pada topik simple present tense.

Tenses 16

1.      1.PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

THE USE OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

·         We use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something which is  happening at the time of speaking. Example :  Please don’t make so much noise. I’m studying.

·         We also use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something  which is happening around the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at the  time of speaking. Example : Silvia is learning English at the moment.

·         We often use the Present Continuous when we talk about a period around the present.Example :You’re working hard today. Yes, I have a lot of to do

·         We use the present continuous when we talk about the changing situation. Example : The population without jobs is increasing very fast.

a.       THE ADVERBS OF TIME  USED

The adverbs of time used in Present  Continous tense are “NOW, RIGHT NOW,TOMORROW,ETC

b.      THE PATTERN OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

The  patterns of Present continous tense consist of :    

·         Positive Pattern

S + am/is/are + Verb 4……………………………Now

Examples :

1 . I  am studying English now.

2. We are going to Jakarta tomorrow  (akan)

·         The Negative Pattern

S + am/is/are + Not + Verb 4……………………Now

               Example :

1 . I am not studying now

2. He is not sleeping now

·         The Interrogative Pattern

Am/Is/Are  + S + Verb 4……………………………Now? 

Examples :

1 . Are you studying English now ?  Yes, I am/ No, I am not

2. Is he eating fried rice now? Yes, he is/ No, he isn’t

·         Qusetion-word Pattern

QW + Am/Is/Are  + S + Verb 4…………………………Now?  

Examples :

1 . what are you doing now ? studying

2. Where is he studying English now ? at school             

 EXERCISE I :  Translate these sentences into English.      

1 . Jack sedang tidur sekarang

2. Mary sedang mengerjakan tugas itu

EXERCISE 2 : Change the following sentences into (+), (-), and (?)

1 . They are speaking English now.

2. We are not reading now.

EXERCISE 3 :  Write questions by using question words based on the underlined words in the following sentences.

1. John is eating a plate of rice in the dining room now.

2. The cat is eating fried chicken in the kitchen now.

EXERCISE 4 : Answer the following questions with your own words.

1. Are you studying English now ?

2.Is your father reading a newspaper now?

EXERCISE 5 :  Write sentences by using the following verbs Writing, speaking, sewing, growing, discussing, doing, hunting,eating, drinking, dancing, singing, making, building, teaching, explaining, talking,  watching, shopping, sleeping, typing, driving, riding, training, working

2.      2. PAST TENSE

The Use of Simple Past Tense

·         We use the past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past.

·         The Adverbs of time  used

The adverbs of time used in this tense are Yesterday, last…, a week ago, this

morning , last night, yesterday morning, yesterweek, yestermonth, yesteryear, etc.

The Patterns of Simple Past  Tense

·         The Positive Pattern

S + Verb 2………………………………………Yesterday

Examples :

1 . John saw a crocodile in the river yesterday.

2. We studied English  here last week.

·         The Negative Pattern

S + didn’t + Verb 1…………………………………… …… . .Yesterday

Examples :

1 . John didn’t see a crocodile in the river yesterday.

2. We didn’t study here last week.

·         The Interrogative Pattern

Did  + S + Verb 1…………………………………………… . .Yesterday? 

Examples:

1 . Did John see a crocodile in the river yesterday ? Yes, he did/No, he didn’t

2. Did you study here last week ? Yes, we did/ No, we didn’t

·         The Question-word Pattern

QW + did  + S + Verb 1………………………………Yesterday? 

Examples:

1 . What  did John see in the river yesterday ? a crocodile

2. When did John see a crocodile in the river? yesterday 

QW +  Verb 2……………………………… .………Yesterday? S + did 

            QW  + 2…………………………… . .?

           

             Examples :

1 . Who saw a crocodile in the river yesterday ? John did

2. What grew in the rice-field last year? A coconut tree did

     EXERCISE I : Translate these sentences into English !

1. Kami menjual mobil kami kemarin

2.Apakah kamu pergi ke luar tadi malam

EXERCISE II. Change the following sentences into (+), (-), ( ?),  Present Continous Tense.

1. Tom saw the cats having business under the tree yesterday

2.They played cricket at school last week

3.      3. PRESENT FUTURE TENSE

We often use will in this situation:

Offering to do something: e.g. That bag looks heavy. I’ ll help with it.

Agreeing and refusing to do something: e.g. I’ve asked john to help me but he won’t

Promising to do something: e.g. I will come to your house tonight. I promise.

Asking someone to do something.

Will you close the window,please!

A. The positive pattern of Present Future tense is as follows:

S + will/shall + Verb 1…………………………………… Tomorrow

Example:

             1 .  John will  run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month.

             2.  Mrs.Maria Eva will play badminton  tomorrow

B. The negative pattern of Present Future tense is as follows:

S + won’t/shan’t + Verb 1…………………… …………  Tomorrow

Example:

             1 .  John won’t  run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month.

             2.  Mrs.Maria Eva won’t play badminton  tomorrow

C. The Interrogative pattern of Present Future tense is as follows

Will/Shall + S + Verb 1………………………………… . . Tomorrow? 

Example :

1 .  will John   run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month? Yes, He will/No,he won’t.

 2.  will Mrs.Maria Eva  play badminton  tomorrow? Yes, She will/No, she won’t

D. The QW pattern of Present Future tense is as follows

QW + will/shall  + S + Verb 1…………………… .………Tomorrow? 

Example :

        1 .  when will John   run a restaurant in Jakarta?  Next month

        2.  who will    run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month? John will

We often use will to be going to when we say what we have already decided to do, what we intend to do in the future.

e.g. A:There’s a film on television tonight. Are you going to watch it?

B: No, I am too tired. I am going to have an early night.

The pattern :

S + am/is/are + going to + Verb 1……………………………………

S +am/is/are + not + going to + Verb 1…………………… …………

Am/is/are + S + going to + Verb 1………………………………… . . .? 

QW + am/is/are + S + going to + verb 1…………………………… . .? 

4.     4. PRESENT TENSE

Present Tense is used to talk about something in general. And it is also used to talk

about something which is happened repeatedly or habituallly activities.

e.g.  + The earth goes round the sun

        - The earth doesn’t go round the sun

  ? Does the earth go round the sun ?

+ I get up at 8 o’clock every morning

- I don’t get up at 8 o’clock every morning

? Do you get up at 8 o’clock very morning?

The pattern :

S +  Verb 1 (s/es)…………………………………… Everyday/today

S + don’t/doesn’t + Verb 1…………………… ……Everyday/today

Do/Does + S + Verb 1………………………………Everyday/today?

QW + Do/does  + S + Verb 1…………………… .…Everyday/today? 

We use the present simple when wse say how often we do things:

e.g. How often do you go to the dentist ?

       Mary doesn’t often drink tea.

5.      5. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

We use past continuous Tense to say that someone was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this  time but hadn’t finished:

This time last year I was living in Brazil. We often use the past continuous Tense and the past simple together to say that  something happened in the middle of something else:

When I was working in the garden, I hurt my back.

The pattern :

S +  was/were + verb 4………………… .When + s + Verb 2…… .……

S + was/were + not + Verb 4…………… .When + s + Verb 2…………

Was/were + S + verb 4………………… . When + s + Verb 2 …… . … .?

QW + was/were + S + verb 4……………When + s + Verb 2 …………? 

e.g. + She was cooking rice when Tom came yesterday

       - She wasn’t cooking rice when Tom came yesterday

       ? Was she cooking rice when Tom came yesterday

6.      6. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

We often use the present perfect Tense to give new information or to announce recent happening:

e.g. Do you know about Mary ? She’s gone to Jakarta.

We can use the Present Perfect Tense with already to say that something has happened sooner than expected :

e.g. Don’t forget to post this letter, will you? I’ve already posted it.

We  can use the Present Perfect Tense with just (= a short time ago)

e.g. Would you like something to eat? ‘No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch’ .

We talk about a period of time that continuous up to the present, we use the present perfect.

e.g. Dave: Have you travelled a lot, Nora?

       Nora: Yes, I have been to 47 different countries.

We often use ever and never with the present perfect:

e.g. have you ever eaten caviar?

       We have never had a car.

We have to use present perfect Tense with This is the first time… , It the first time…

e.g. This is the first time  he has driven a car. (not drives)

We often use the present perfect with yet. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences: e.g. Has it stopped raining yet ? (not ‘did it stop’).

The pattern:

S + have/has + verb 3……………………… .etc

S + haven’t/hasn’t +  Verb 3…………… .… .etc

Have/has + S + verb 3………………… . . … .etc?

QW + have/has + S + verb 3……………… . .etc?

7.      7. PAST PERFECT TENSE

We use the Past perfect to say that something had already happened before this time. Example :

- When I arrived at the party, Tom had already gone home

- When I got home, I found that someone had broken into my flat and had stolen my fur coat.

- George didn’t want to come to the cinema with us because he had already seen the film twice.

- It was my first time in an aeroplane. I was very nervous because I hadn’t flown before.

The pattern:

S + had + verb 3…………when/before S + V2

S + hadn’t +  Verb 3……… when/before S + V2

Had + S + verb 3………… when/before S + V2 ?

QW + had + S + verb 3………  when/before S + V2

Translate these sentences into English !

1 . Rumah itu sangat sunyi ketika saya tiba. Semua orang sudah pergi tidur.

2. Saya merasa sangat lelah ketika saya pulang, jadi saya langsung pergi tidur

8.      8. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

S + have/has + been + verb 4…………etc

S + haven’t/hasn’t + been + verb 4……etc

Have/has + S + been + verb 4……… .etc ?

QW + have/has + S + been + verb 4…etc ?

Example :

- Pelajar pelajar tengah menyanyi sejak pagi ini

      +  The students have been singing since this morning

- The students haven’t been singing since this morning

?    Have the students been singing since this morning ?

Translate these sentences  into English !

1 . Hari sudah hujan selama dua jam

2. Berapa lama kamu sudah belajar bahasa inggris

9. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

S + had been + verb 4…………when S + V2

S + hadn’t been +  Verb 4……… when S + V2

Had + S + been  + verb 4………… when S + V2 ?

QW + had + S + been + verb 4………  when S + V2 ?

Example :

- Mereka tengah mengerjakan PR ketika saya datang kemarin

     +   They had been doing the homework when I came yesterday

- They hadn’t been doing the homework when I came yesterday

?    Had they been doing the homework when I came yesterday

Translate these sentences into English !

1 . Mereka sudah bermain bola selama satu jam ketika ada petir yang menakutkan

2. Ken sudah merokok selama 30 tahun ketika akhirnya dia berhenti

10. PRESENT FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

S + will be + Verb 4 + O + at………… . .o’clock

S + won’t be + Verb 4 + O + at……… . .o’clock

Will + S + be + Verb 4 + O + at……… .o’clock ?

QW + will + S + be +Verb 4…………o’clock ?

Example :

- Kamu sedang akan pergi ke sekolah pukul 7 besok pagi

+ You will be going to school at seven o’clock tomorrow morning

-  You won’t be going to school at seven o’clock tomorrow morning

?  Will you be going to school at seven o’clock tomorrow morning ?

Translate these sentences into English !

1 . George sedang akan meninggalkan Indonesia pada pukul 9 besok pagi

2. Saya sedang  akan menyelesaikan PR itu sore nanti

11 . PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

S + will have + verb 3 + ……… .by the end……

S + won’t have + Verb 3 + ……… . .by the end… .

Will + S + have + Verb 3 +  ………by the end… . ?

QW + will + S + have +Verb 3 +…………by the end… ?

Example :

- Kita sudah akan tiba  di Jakarta besok sore.

     +   We will have  arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon

- We won’t have  arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon

?  Will we have  arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon ?

Translate these sentences into English !

1 . John sudah akan selesai mengerjakan pekerjaanya menjelang akhir minggu ini

2. Menjelang minggu depan saya akan selesai membaca buku ini

12. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

S + will have been + verb 4………since……… .

S + won’t have been + verb 4…… .since……… .

Will + S + have been + verb 4……since……… .?

QW + will + S + have been + verb 4… .since… . .?

Example :

- Mereka tengah akan belajar sejak pagi besok

     +   They will have been studying since this morning

- They  won’t have been studying  since this morning

?  Will they have been studying since this morning ?

Translate these sentences into English !

1 . Menjelang akhir tahun ini kami akan sudah mempelajari bahasa inggris  selama

tiga tahun

2. Menjelang hari natal saya akan sudah bekerja di kantor ini selama lima tahun

13. PAST FUTURE TENSE

S + would + V1… IF + S + verb 2………… .etc

S + wouldn’t + verb 1… .+ object………… . .etc

Would + S + verb  1 … .+ object ……… .… . .etc ?

Example :

1 . Saya akan datang ANDAIKATA kamu mengundang saya

I would come if you invited me

2. Tom akan melakukan perjalanan JIKAdia punya uang

Tom would travel if he had more money

Exercise : Translate these sentences into English!

1 . Jika saya jadi kamu, saya tidak akan membeli rumah itu

2. Saya akan keluar jika hari tidak hujan

14. PAST FUTURE CINTINUOUS TENSE

S + would be + Verb 4……when S + verb 2……… .etc

S + wouldn’t + be + verb 4… .when S + verb 2………etc

Would + S + be + verb  4 … . . when S + verb 2……etc ?

Example :

- Sedianya mereka sedang akan pulang KETIKA kami datang

+ They would be going home when we came

- They wouldn’t be going home when we came

?    Would they be going home when we came ?

Translate these sentences into English !

1 . Saya akan sedang menempuh ujian hari berikutnya pada waktu itu

2. Kami akan sedang membangun rumah itu pada waktu itu

15. PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

S + would have + verb 3… . .IF + S + had + verb 3…… .

S + wouldn’t have  + verb 3 ……object……… . .etc

Would + S + have + verb 3 …… .object……… . .etc ?

Example :

- Ia  sudah akan menjadi presiden ANDAIKATA partainya menang dalam

pemilihan umum.

- He would have become a presiden if his party had won in general election

Exercise : Translate these sentences into English!

1 . Jika saya telah mengetahui bahwa kamu sakit, saya akan menemuimu

2. Tom tidak akan  mengikuti ujian itu jika dia mengetahui bahwa soalnya akan

begitu sulit.

16. PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

S + would have + been + verb 4… . .IF + S + had + verb 3…… .

S + wouldn’t have  been + verb 4…… .object…………etc

Would + S + have been + verb 4. . …… .object……… . .etc ?

Example :

- Sedianya rapat tengah akan dimulai sejak pagi ANDAIKATA walikota sudah

datang tepat pada waktunya

- The meeting would have been starting since this morning if Mayor had come on

time.

Exercise : Translate these sentences into English!

1 . Sedianya concert itu tengah akan dimulai andaikata artis artis itu datang pada

waktunya.

2. Sedianya saya tengah akan tidur andaikata mereka belum datang